Biotechnology

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【Topics Covered Based On Below Concepts】

*Introduction to the Chemistry of Life

*Carbon Dating

*Chemical Bonds

*Water

*Buffers, pH, Acids, and Bases

*Biological Molecules

*Lipids

*Proteins, Hormones & Amino acids

*Nucleic Acids

*DNA Double-Helical Structure

*Introduction to Cell Structure and Function

*Microscopy

*Comparing Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

*Eukaryotic Cells

*The Plasma Membrane

*The Cytoplasm

*Flagella and Cilia

*The Endomembrane System

*Lysosomes

*Vesicles and Vacuoles

*Ribosomes, Mitochondria & Peroxisomes

*Animal Cells versus Plant Cells

*The Cell Membrane

*Active Transport

*Electrochemical Gradient

*Endocytosis

*Exocytosis

*How Cells Obtain Energy?

*Metabolic Pathways

*Energy & Thermodynamics

*Fermentation

*Anaerobic Cellular Respiration

*Introduction to Photosynthesis

*The Light-Dependent Reactions of Photosynthesis

*The Calvin Cycle

*Photosynthesis

*Introduction to Reproduction at the Cellular Level

*The Cell Cycle

*Cytokinesis

*Control of the Cell Cycle

*Cancer and the Cell Cycle

*Prokaryotic Cell Division

*Mitotic Spindle Apparatus

*Introduction to the Cellular Basis of Inheritance

*The Red Queen Hypothesis

*Life Cycles of Sexually Reproducing Organisms

*Meiosis

*Comparing Meiosis and Mitosis

*Errors in Meiosis

*Chromosome Structural Rearrangements

*Introduction to Patterns of Inheritance

*Laws of Inheritance

*Law of Dominance

*Monohybrid Cross and the Punnett Square

*Law of Segregation

*Law of Independent Assortment

*Extensions of the Laws of Inheritance

*Multiple Alleles

*Sex-Linked Traits

*Linked Genes Violate the Law of Independent Assortment

*Epistasis

*Introduction to the Immune System and Disease

*Steps of Virus Infections

*Viruses and Disease

*Innate Immunity

*Adaptive Immunity

*Cell-Mediated Immunity

*Immunological Memory

*The Lymphatic System

*Mucosal Immune System

*Disruptions in the Immune System

*Introduction to Animal Reproduction and Development

*Sexual Reproduction

*Fertilization

*Development and Organogenesis

*Human Reproduction

*Gametogenesis ,Spermatogenesis and Oogenesis

*Hormonal Control of Reproduction

*The Ovarian Cycle and the Menstrual Cycle

*Gestation

*The Animal Body: Basic Form and Function

*Animal Body Planes and Cavities

*Animal Primary Tissues

*Connective Tissues

*Types of Synovial Joints

*Muscle Contraction and Locomotion

*Sliding Filament Model of Contraction

*The Respiratory System

*Lungs: Bronchi and Alveoli

*Gas Exchange across Respiratory Surfaces

*Gas Pressure and Respiration

*Breathing

*The Mechanics of Human Breathing

*The Work of Breathing

*Transport of Gases in Human Bodily Fluids

*The Circulatory System

*Components of the Blood

*Mammalian Heart and Blood Vessels

*Arteries, Veins, and Capillaries

*Blood Flow and Blood Pressure Regulation

*Osmotic Regulation and Excretion

*The Kidneys and Osmoregulatory Organs

*Excretion Systems

*Nitrogenous Wastes

*Hormonal Control of Osmoregulatory Functions

*The Immune System

*Phagocytosis and Inflammation

*Adaptive Immune Response

*Mucosal Surfaces and Immune Tolerance

*Primary Centers of the Immune SystemAntibodies

*Antibodies