A Treatise of Human Nature

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A Treatise of Human Nature (1738) is the most comprehensive work published by the Scottish philosopher David Hume, widely regarded as the most influential English-language philosopher and one of the most important figures in philosophical history. The Treatise aims to place the study of human nature on the same empirical footing which Hume’s contemporary Isaac Newton brought to the physical sciences. Contrary to the philosophical rationalists of his day, Hume argues that emotion and mental habit, rather than reason, form the basis of most human beliefs. By examining his own inner landscape, and deploying skeptical reasoning about what he finds there, Hume concludes that there is no rational basis for any belief in morality, cause-and-effect, or personal identity. As well as making an essential contribution to the philosophical doctrines of empiricism, skepticism, and naturalism, A Treatise of Human Nature has been extremely influential in the fields of psychology and cognitive science.

Hume introduces the Treatise by setting out his proposal to bring an empirical methodology to the study of the human mind. He argues that without a scientific understanding of human thought itself, the other sciences, and all other intellectual disciplines including philosophy, are built on unknown and uncertain foundations. Since controlled experimentation is impossible where mental processes are concerned, Hume proposes to base his “science” on his own mind and the behavior of people around him.

The first of the Treatise’s three books is “Of the Understanding,” in which Hume attempts to set out “the extent and force of human understanding.” In Parts I & II of this book, Hume takes aim at the rationalist belief in innate ideas which derive from the intellect alone. He argues that all ideas derive ultimately from sensory impressions. Complex ideas are collections of simple ones. Abstract ideas, he suggests, are formed from sense impressions by a particular habit of mind. This applies even to such abstractions as space, time, and existence.

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PART I. OF IDEAS, THEIR ORIGIN, COMPOSITION, CONNEXION, ABSTRACTION, ETC.

PART II. OF THE IDEAS OF SPACE AND TIME.

PART III. OF KNOWLEDGE AND PROBABILITY.

PART IV. OF THE SCEPTICAL AND OTHER SYSTEMS OF PHILOSOPHY.