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Reindeer are widespread in the northern parts of the world: Norway, Iceland, northern parts of Sweden, Finland, the north part of Russia from the European region to the Pacific Ocean, Alaska, Canada, and Greenland. The reindeer was reintroduced to Scotland in 1952, where it has naturally become extinct since the 10th century. It also has the feature of being the first pet.

Domestic reindeer are more common in northern Scandinavia and Russia, while free-living reindeer are found in North America, Greenland, and Iceland, where humans brought them in the 18th century. The last free-living reindeer in the wild in Europe is located in southern Norway. Its natural habitat lies within approximately 62° of latitude.

The weight of the female deer varies between 60 and 170 kg. In some subspecies of reindeer, the male is slightly larger than the female, while in others, it can weigh up to 300 kilograms. Both males and females have horns. In Scandinavian reindeer, older males antlers fall in December. Horns fall in early spring in young males and summer in females. The horns are usually bifurcated into two separate clusters, above and below. Domestic reindeer are shorter-legged and heavier than free-living ones in nature. North American reindeer can run at speeds of up to 80 kilometers per hour and travel approximately 5,000 kilometers per year.

It feeds on lichens in general and “Cladonia Rangiferina”, which is called reindeer lichen in particular. It also feeds on reeds and grasses, along with willow and beech leaves. There is also some evidence that it is sometimes provided on lemmings, alpine trout, and bird eggs.

Particular bones in the noses of reindeer significantly increase the surface area. The cold air that comes in while the body temperature of the animal warms inhaling before it enters the lungs, the water from the air that comes out while exhaling condenses and stays in the nose and is used to humidify the incoming air. At the same time, it is probably absorbed from the mucous tissue and passes into the blood.

Reindeer hooves change to match the season. In the summer, when the tundra is soft and moist, the underside of the claws gains a spongy texture, providing additional traction. In winter, the bottom of the hooves shrinks and gets stuck, and the thorny tips of the feet cut the ice, preventing the animal from slipping.

Reindeer have two layers of fur. The underside has a dense, wool-like layer over which longer hollow, air-filled hairs. Reindeer swim pretty easily and quickly. Migrating flocks do not hesitate to swim across a large lake or stream.

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