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Penguins or penguins (Order of Sphenisciformes, family Spheniscidae) are aquatic bird species that can not fly and generally live in the southern hemisphere.

Around the world there are 16 penguin species [1] depending on whether two species of Eudyptula are also counted as species. Although all penguins are originally from the southern hemisphere, penguins are not only found in cold regions or in Antarctica alone. There are three species of penguins that live in the tropics. One species lives in the Galapagos Islands (Penguin Galapagos) and usually crosses the equator for feeding.

The largest penguin species is the Emperor Penguin (Aptenodytes forsteri) with a height of 1.1 meters and weighs 35 kilograms or more.

The smallest penguin species is the Fairy Penguins (Eudyptula Minor) with a height of about 40 cm and a weight of one kg. In general, large penguins can better maintain their body temperature so they can survive in cold areas, while smaller penguins are usually found in warmer areas even in tropical regions.

Generally penguins eat krill (a kind of shrimp), fish, [1] squid and other aquatic animals caught while swimming in the ocean with its beak. Penguins can drink sea water because the supraorbital glands in their body filter out the excess salt of the sea from the bloodstream. This salt is then expelled in liquid form through the penguins' respiratory passages.

Penguins seem not afraid of human presence. They will get closer to the group of researchers who are studying them.